The GI-MAP includes pathogens (bacterial, parasitic, and viral) commonly known to cause intestinal gastroenteritis. It's important to note that not all individuals with positive findings for pathogens will present with symptoms. Many factors, including the health of the individual, the transient nature of some pathogens, and the presence and expression of virulence factors all contribute to an individual's symptoms.
Toxins are a type of virulence factor produced by certain pathogens. Since GI-MAP is a DNA-based test, results reflect the levels of pathogenic strains carrying the toxin genes, not the levels of any toxins that may be produced.
Bacterial Pathogens: Campylobacter, C. difficile Toxin A, C. difficile Toxin B, Enterohemorrhagic E. coli, E. coli O157, Enteroinvasive E. coli/Shigella, Enterotoxigenic E. coli LT/ST, Shiga-like Toxin E. coli stx1, Shiga-like Toxin E. coli stx2, Salmonella, Vibro cholerae, Yersinia enterocolitica
Parasitic Pathogens: Cryptosporidium, Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia
Viral Pathogens: Adrenovirus 40/41, Norovirus GI, Norovirus GII, H. pylori, H. pylori Virulence Factor, babA + Virulence Factor, cabA + Virulence Factor, cabPAI + Virulence Factor, dupA + Virulence Factor, iceA + Virulence Factor, opiA + Virulence Factor, vacA
Normal/Commensal Bacteria: Akkermansia Mucinophilia, Bacteroides fragilis, Bifidobacterium spp., Clostridia (class), Enterobacter spp., Enterococcus spp., Escherichia spp, Faecalbacterium prausnitzii, Lactobacillus spp.
Bacterial Phyla: Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes Ratio
Additional Dysbiotic/Overgrowth Bacteria: Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Methanobacteriaceae (family), Morganella morganii, Pseudomonas spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus spp.
Potential Autoimmune Triggers: Citrobacter spp., Citrobacter freundii, Fusobacterium spp., Klebsiella spp., Klebsiella pneumoniae, Mycobacterium avium, Prevotella copri, Proteus spp.., Proteus mirabilis
Fungi/Yeast: Candida albicans, Candida spp., Geotricum spp., Microsporidia spp., Rhodoturula spp.
Opportunistic Viruses: CMV- Cytomegalovirus, EBV- Epstein Bar Virus
Protozoa: Blastocystis hominis, Chilomastix mesnelli, Cyclospora cayetanenensis, Dientamoeba fragilis, Endolimax nana, Entamoeba coli, Pentatrichomonas hominis
Worms: Ancyclostroma duodenale, Ascaris lumbricoides, Necator americanis, Trichuris trichiura, Taenia solium/saginada
Digestion: Elastase-1, Steatocrit
Immune Response: SIgA, Anti-gliadin SIgA
Inflammation: Calprotectin
Other GI MARKERS: β-Glucuronidase, Occult Blood - FIT